Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As “Intrusion On The Right Of Men”

Women’s Literary Production as â€Å"Intrusion on the Right of Men† In many of the works we have read this semester we see women struggling to break free from a system of social construct. Many of these women use there literary talent to tell their stories of intruding on the rights of men. The women use different styles of writing but are all trying to show there struggle for equality. Some of the women wrote poetry while others used autobiographies and short stories to let the world know about the corrupt system they were working in. We live in a male dominated world where women writers are trying to work with in the system of social construct in order to change the system for future generations. In this paper, I will discuss three literary works we have read this semester and demonstrate how these women are intruding on the rights of men in order to change the system. In the poem â€Å"The Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti, the idea of the male dominated society is shown in a very creative way. Rossetti uses Goblins to signify sex driven men. The poem begins with the Goblin men tempting Lizzie and Laura to come eat there plump and luscious fruits. These fruits signify the male genitalia that are very tempting to Laura but Lizzie tries everything in her power to keep her sister hidden from the goblin merchant men. The Goblin men come every night trying to take the girls virginity away. Laura undermines Lizzie’s pleas and goes to the merchant men where she sells a lock of her golden hair in order to suck the ripe fruits until her lips are sore. When she returns home she tells Laura about how wonderful the fruits were and how she longs for more. The next day, Laura goes out waiting to hear the merchants call again and Lizzie hears them but Laura never hears the calls again. The Goblin men took her virginity so they were now done with her. As time goes by Laura falls into a deep depression and she will not eat. The pure Li... Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As â€Å"Intrusion On The Right Of Men† Free Essays on Women’s Literary Production As â€Å"Intrusion On The Right Of Men† Women’s Literary Production as â€Å"Intrusion on the Right of Men† In many of the works we have read this semester we see women struggling to break free from a system of social construct. Many of these women use there literary talent to tell their stories of intruding on the rights of men. The women use different styles of writing but are all trying to show there struggle for equality. Some of the women wrote poetry while others used autobiographies and short stories to let the world know about the corrupt system they were working in. We live in a male dominated world where women writers are trying to work with in the system of social construct in order to change the system for future generations. In this paper, I will discuss three literary works we have read this semester and demonstrate how these women are intruding on the rights of men in order to change the system. In the poem â€Å"The Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti, the idea of the male dominated society is shown in a very creative way. Rossetti uses Goblins to signify sex driven men. The poem begins with the Goblin men tempting Lizzie and Laura to come eat there plump and luscious fruits. These fruits signify the male genitalia that are very tempting to Laura but Lizzie tries everything in her power to keep her sister hidden from the goblin merchant men. The Goblin men come every night trying to take the girls virginity away. Laura undermines Lizzie’s pleas and goes to the merchant men where she sells a lock of her golden hair in order to suck the ripe fruits until her lips are sore. When she returns home she tells Laura about how wonderful the fruits were and how she longs for more. The next day, Laura goes out waiting to hear the merchants call again and Lizzie hears them but Laura never hears the calls again. The Goblin men took her virginity so they were now done with her. As time goes by Laura falls into a deep depression and she will not eat. The pure Li...

Amistad Summary

Amistad Movie Summary The film begins in the depths of the schooner La Amistad, a slave-ship carrying captured West Africans into slavery. The films protagonist, Sengbe Pieh, most known by his Spanish name, Cinque, painstakingly picks a nail out of the ships structure and uses it to pick the lock on his shackles. Freeing a number of his companions, Cinque initiates a rebellion on board the storm-tossed vessel. In the ensuing fighting, several Africans and most of the ships Spanish crew are killed, but Cinque saves two of the ships officers, Ruiz and Montez, whom he believes can sail them back to Africa. After six weeks have passed, the ship is running out of food and fresh water, and Cinque is growing angry with Yamba who believes keeping the Spaniards alive is the only way to get back to Africa. During the night, they pass another vessel, carrying a group of wealthy English-speaking passengers having a dinner party on deck. The next day, they sight land. Unsure of their location, a group of African men takes one of the ships boats to shore to fetch fresh water. While there, La Amistad is found by a military vessel bearing an American flag the Spaniards have tricked the Africans by sailing directly for the United States. Captured by the American Navy, the Amistad Africans are taken to a municipal jail in New Haven, Connecticut, where the ships occupants, and a tearful Cinque, are thrown into a grim dungeon, awaiting trial. The films focus now shifts to Washington, D. C. , where a session in the House of Representatives introduces John Quincy Adams (Anthony Hopkins), the elderly former President and politician. While strolling in the gardens, Adams is introduced to two of the countrys leading abolitionists; the elderly freed slave Theodore Joadson (Morgan Freeman) and Christian activist Mr. Tappan (Stellan Skarsgard), both of whom are leading shipping magnates in New England and co-proprietors of the pro-abolitionist newssheet The Emancipator. The two have heard of the plight of the Amistad Africans and attempt to enlist Adams to help their cause. Adams, apparently verging on senility, refuses to help, claiming that he neither condemns nor condones slavery. News of the Amistad incident also reaches current President of the United States, Martin Van Buren (Nigel Hawthorne), who is bombarded with demands for compensation from the juvenile Spanish Head of State, Queen Isabella II of Spain (Anna Paquin). At a preliminary hearing in a district court, the Africans are charged with insurrection on the high seas, and the case rapidly dissolves into conflicting claims of property ownership from the Kingdom of Spain, the United States, the surviving officers of La Amistad, and the officers of the naval vessel responsible for re-capturing the slave-ship. Aware that they cannot fight the case on moral grounds, the two abolitionists enlist the help of a young attorney specializing in property law; Roger Sherman Baldwin (Matthew McConaughey). At the jail, Baldwin and the abolitionists, along with a nervous Professor of Linguistics, attempt to talk to the Amistad Africans, but neither side is able to understand anything the other party says. In the prison, events among the Africans are accelerating. Yamba, Cinques apparent rival for authority amongst the Africans, has converted to Christianity and is now resigned to his death, believing that execution will send them to a pleasant afterlife. The death of a young man provokes the Africans into a furious demonstration against the American authorities, screaming and chanting in their native languages as a prison riot threatens. As the hearings drag on, Baldwin and Joadson regularly walk round the city docks, counting numbers in the Mande language, in an attempt to recruit an interpreter. They eventually happen upon a black sailor in the Royal Navy, James Covey (Chiwetel Ejiofor). Using Coveys linguistic abilities, Baldwin and his companions are able to talk to Cinque. In his first speaking role in the courtroom, Cinque, through a series of flashbacks, tells the haunting story of how he became a slave. Cinque, a peasant farmer and young husband and father in West Africa, was kidnapped by African slave-hunters and taken to the slave fortress of Lomboko, an illegal facility in the British Protectorate of Sierra Leone. There, he and hundreds of other captured Africans were loaded onto transatlantic slave-ship (Tecora). Cinque tells of the various horrors of the Middle Passage, including frequent rape, horrific torture, and random executions carried out by the crew, including the deaths of fifty people deliberately drowned in order to save food. Upon their arrival in Cuba, Cinque was sold at a slave market and purchased, along with many other Tecora survivors, by the owners of La Amistad. Once aboard La Amistad, Cinque was able to free himself of his shackles, and began the slaves rebellion for freedom. The courtroom drama continues as District Attorney William S. Holabird (Pete Postlethwaite) and Secretary of State John Forsyth (David Paymer) press their case for property rights and dismiss Cinques story as a mere piece of fiction. While exploring the impounded vessel La Amistad for much-needed evidence to support the Africans claims, Baldwin happens upon a notebook, stuffed into a crevice by Ruiz and Montez to conceal the evidence of illegal slave-trading. Using the book as hard evidence of illegal trading, Baldwin calls expert witnesses including Captain Fitzgerald (Peter Firth), a British naval commander assigned to patrol the West Africa coastline to enforce the British Empires anti-slavery policies. As Fitzgerald is cross-examined by the haughty Holabird, tension in the courtroom rises, ultimately prompting Cinque to leap from his seat and cry Give us free over and over, a heartfelt plea using the English he has learned. Cinques plea touches many, apparently including the judge in a court ruling, Judge Coglin (Jeremy Northam) dismisses all claims of ownership, rules that the Africans were captured illegally and not born on plantations, orders the arrest of the Amistads remaining crew on charges of slave-trading, and authorizes the United States to convey the Amistad Africans back to Africa at the expense of the nation. While Cinque, Joadson, Baldwin, and the jubilant Africans celebrate their victory, a state dinner at the White House threatens to overturn the ruling. While conversing with the Spanish Ambassador to Washington, Senator John C. Calhoun (Arliss Howard) launches into a damning diatribe aimed at President Van Buren, emphasising the economic importance of slaves in the South, and ends his tirade with a concealed but clear threat that should the government set a precedent for abolition by releasing the Amistad Africans, the South will have little choice but to go to war with the north. With his advisors warning that the Amistad incident could bring the United States one big step closer to civil war, President Van Buren orders that the case be submitted to the Supreme Court, dominated by its Southern slave-owning judges. Furious, Mr. Tappan splits with Joadson and Baldwin, who break the news to an enraged and disgusted Cinque. In need of an ally with legal background in the intricacies of Supreme Court workings, Baldwin and Joadson meet again with John Quincy Adams, who has been following the case carefully. Adams, aware that Cinque is now refusing to talk to Baldwin, invites the African leader to his home. While Adams gives him a rambling tour of his greenhouse, Cinques emotional reaction to seeing a West African violet, native to his homeland, convinces Adams to assist the case. At the Supreme Court, John Quincy Adams gives a long and passionate speech in defense of the Africans. Arguing that if Cinque were white and had rebelled against the British, the United States would have exalted him as a hero; and that the Africans rebellion to gain their freedom was no different to the Americans rebellion against their oppressors some seventy years earlier. Arguing that condemning the Amistad Africans would render the principles and ideals of the Constitution worthless, he exhorts the judges to free the Africans, stating that the looming threat of civil war will simply be the final battle of the American Revolution. His case made, the United States awaits the Supreme Courts ruling. On the day of judgment, Justice Joseph Story (Harry Blackmun) announces the Supreme Courts decision on the case. Believing that the Amistad Africans were illegally kidnapped from their homes in Africa, United States laws on slave ownership do not apply. Furthermore, since that was the case, the Amistad Africans were within their rights to use force to escape their confinement. The Supreme Court authorizes the release of the Africans and their conveyance back to Africa. Legally freed for the second and final time, Cinque bids emotional farewells to his companions; shaking Adams hand, giving Joadson his most treasured possession, a lion tooth which is his only memento of Africa, and thanking Baldwin in English. As Cinque is about to leave, Baldwin clasps Cinque and bids a farewell, in the Mande language, to the African leader. The end of the film depicts various scenes. Royal marines assault the Lomboko Slave Fortress, killing the slavers and freeing the kidnapped Africans held within the dungeons. With the fortress evacuated, Captain Fitzgerald, who has finally located the fortress, orders his warship of the Royal Navys West Africa Anti-Slavery Squadron to open fire on the facility, destroying Lomboko. Interspersed with this are scenes of Martin Van Buren losing his election campaign. The final scenes depict Cinque and the freed Africans returning to Africa, dressed in white, the West African colour of victory and accompanied by James Covey, who has shed his British uniform in exchange for African attire.

Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace - Essay Example In the story â€Å"The Necklace† Guy de Maupassant makes use of the services of a third person narrator who owns a restricted sagacity. â€Å"I† is not employed in the story. The one who narrates the story has a connection with each and every character in the story which is told in retrospect. Maupassant writes, â€Å"She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans.† The narrator does not examine the inner world of a specific character at the given time. When Mme. Forestier meets Mme. Loisel after the lapse of a number of years, she does not refer to the substantial dent in the beauty of the latter, a routine conversation ensues, as if it is of no consequence, with no surprise element contained in the exchange of thoughts. As such limited knowledge about the characters is revealed, which is mostly about Mme. Loisel, the main character. In employing the third person, the characters emerge with l imited temperament; the narrator provides an opportunity to probe deeply into the working of the mind of the character than the narrator who is just concerned with the facts. Characters in a story are either â€Å"static† or â€Å"dynamic†. Dynamic characters impact the course of the story as it makes progress. Static characters move leisurely and have nothing much to contribute as they are not well developed. Mme. Loisel belongs to the second category. Her outlooks and emotional state change a number of times throughout the story.

Discussion Dynamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Dynamic - Essay Example The management ha s three elements thus, strategic analysis, strategic choice stage and the strategic implementation stage. Strategic management focuses on the efficiency of the organization with provisions of consistency, rationality, and flexibility (Spector, 2013). Motivation is influenced primarily by the disincentives and perceived incentives. This contributes to desirability to implement an intervention. Motivation may be both organizational or individual based and narrows down to the implemented intervention. It includes anticipated outcome, collective expectations, and the pressure for change (Pathak, 2010). Capacity of an organization is attributed to maintaining an organization’s functions such as effective leadership and sufficient staffing and connecting with the community. This includes current infrastructure, processes of the organization and culture of the organization. The capacity is linked to whether the organization is able to implement the interventions (Øystein, 2009). The capacities needed to facilitate intervention include technical, fiscal conditions and the human. These are necessary for successful implementation of an intervention that has quality and future. Every new policy and practice has its skills and the required knowledge needed for quality implementation. Similarly, the organization’s readiness for implementation of any program is expressed as R=MC2 (Lewis, 2011). The implication of this is that when one component nears zero, then it is a multiplicative relationship and it is assumed that the organization is not ready for the implementation of the

John Dalton :: essays research papers

JOHN DALTON John Dalton lived with his family in Eaglesfield, Cumberland. They lived in a small thatched cottage. When John was born he had an older brother, who was seven years older than him and a sister who was two years older than him. Johns birth was not recorded in the family bible, but when he asked his elders, they said he was born on the 5th of September in 1766. The Daltons were Quakers, and have been since the 1690’s. John was always a very smart and curious child. He was actually one of the smarter people in the village. He was a lucky child, who received schooling. This was a very big deal considering there were only 215 English men that could even read. He was always interested in mathematics and in science. When John reached the age of twelve he opened a school of his own. This was a problem with the Daltons because he was often threatened and beat up. Around 1790 he finished an eleven volume classified botanical collection. He became a well known person in the community for his amazing achievements in academics. He became very interested in becoming a doctor. The family although had to talk John out of becoming a doctor due to the lack of money in the families income. They also did not feel that John would like being a physician in the long run. Later at the age of twenty six John discovered that he was color blind. This occurred when his mother and he were fighting about the color of a skirt. In 1793 John moved to Manchester to tutor. This is where he began working on his greatest work. He then joined a group called Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. In 1773, he published his first book, Meteorological Observations and Essays. What he wrote in the was "Each gas exists and acts independently and purely physically, rather than chemically." John was constantly studying and making observations. John made over 200,000 observations. In 1803, he attempted to explain his laws of partial pressures. That’s when John started to explain his major contribution to science called the atomic theory. He figured this when he was studying for a test! He figured out that the reaction can take place on two different portions in exact ratios.

Importance of Hopes and Dreams

The Importance of Hopes and Dreams in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a touching story of an unusual friendship between two men, George and Lennie. George is a responsible man and has travelled with Lennie for many years, despite the troubles that Lennie gets them both in. George and Lennie’s dream is to be the owners of a little farm. This is the their goal and this is in my opinion, the whole meaning of the story. There are frequent sections in the book where George starts their story of how they plan to live on the farm and Lennie finishes George’s sentences. One day – we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs. † To George, the dream of having their little farm means that he is independent, that he will be â€Å"somebody† and has the opportunity of being his own boss and can create his own rules without having to ob ey the rules of others. To Lennie, this dream is about having soft animals and pets. It means that George doesn’t have to be always warning him about his behavior, it gives him the responsibility of tending the rabbits, and gives him a place of security.To Candy-their friend- he can see the farm as a place where he can show the responsibility that he didn’t take when he let Carlson kill his dog â€Å"I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn't ought to have let no stranger shoot my dog. † Chapter 3, it also offers security because he was in a risk of being fired at the ranch because of his old age and a home where he can stay for many years. Having and sharing the dream, however, is hard and isn’t enough to make it happen. Each one of them must make a sacrifice if they want it to happen.The obstacles are difficult but not impossible. They must stay out of trouble, which is very difficult when you live with Lennie, not spending money on liquor or in nightclubs, and working at the ranch long enough to save money to buy the farm. But greater obstacles soon are evident. Some of these obstacles aren’t always recognizable for example Curley’s violence with Lennie that can cause them to lose their job because Curley is the boss’s son. â€Å"Curley's like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He's alla time picking scraps with big guys.Kind of like he's mad at 'em because he ain't a big guy. † Chapter 2. Others are more predictable such as Lennie’s strength and his need to touch soft things, because he has once been fired from another ranch for touching the wrong things. Misunderstanding Lennie’s love of soft things, a woman accused him of rape for touching her dress. George berates Lennie for his behaviour, but is convinced that women are always the cause of such trouble. For George, the greatest risk in the idea of having this dream is Lennie himself. â€Å"God a'mighty, if I was a lone I could live so easy.I could go get a job an' work, an' no trouble†¦ An' whatta I got,' George went on furiously. ‘I got you! You can't keep a job and you lose me ever' job I get. Jus' keep me shovin' all over the country all the time. An' that ain't the worst. You get in trouble. You do bad things and I got to get you out. † Chapter 1. Curley's wife also has dreams that although being different from the other's dreams they are still very similar. She wants company first and tries to talk to the men on the ranch, this is similar to when George tells Lennie that they are lucky in having someone to talk. Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world†¦ We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. † Chapter 1. Unhappy because of her husband, she is constantly around the barn, trying to talk to the workers. The second part of her dream is similar to the men's desire for their own land. She wanted to be an actress in Hol lywood and she imagines how great it would be to stay in nice hotels and owning lots of clothes. Of Mice and Men teaches a grim lesson about the nature of human existence.Nearly all of the characters admit at one time or another, to having a profound sense of loneliness and isolation. Each desires the comfort of a friend, but will settle for the attentive ear of a stranger. They admit to complete strangers their fear of being cast off which shows their desperation. The characters George, Lennie, Crooks, and Curley’s wife are rendered helpless by their isolation, and yet, even at their weakest, they seek to destroy those who are even weaker than they.Perhaps the most powerful example of this cruel tendency is when Crooks criticizes Lennie’s dream of the farm and his dependence on George. Having just admitted his own vulnerabilities – he is a black man with a crooked back who longs for companionship. Steinbeck explores different types of strength and weakness thro ughout the novel. Great physical strength is valuable to men in George and Lennie’s circumstances. Lennie’s has strength beyond his control –like when he killed the mice.Curley too, he is the symbol of authority on the ranch and a champion boxer, who intimidates men and his wife. But even the most visible strength – used to oppress others- is itself born of weakness. Much of the novel is about dreams and we can relate this story to the poem called â€Å"To a Mouse† by Robert Burns that assumed that the dreams aren’t always achievable just like the American Dream. Most of the characters in Of Mice and Men admit, at one point or another, to dreaming of a different life. Curley’s wife confessed her wish to become a movie star, just before her death.Crooks, harsh as he is, allows himself the amusing fantasy of having a patch of garden on Lennie’s farm one day, and Candy holds on desperately to George’s vision of owning a cou ple of acres. What makes all of these dreams typically American is that the dreamers wish for happiness, for the freedom to follow their own wishes. George and Lennie’s dream of owning a farm, which would enable them to sustain themselves, and, most important, offer them protection from an unfriendly world, represents a typical American dream.Their journey, which awakens George to the impossibility of this dream, sadly proves that the bitter Crooks is right: such paradises of freedom, contentment, and safety are not to be found in this world. In the end the Buddha teachings seem to make sense; one of the reasons that the tragic end of George and Lennie’s friendship has such a profound impact is that one senses that the friends have, by the end of the novel, lost a dream larger than themselves. So â€Å"the best is not to dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment†.As Oscar Wilde would put it â€Å" a dreamer is one who can only find his way by moonlight, and his punishment is that he sees the dawn before the rest of the world†. The farm on which George and Lennie plan to live is a place no one ever reaches. The men in Of Mice and Men desire to come together in a way that would allow them to be like brothers to one another. That is, they want to live with one another’s best interest in mind, to protect each other, and to know there is someone in the world dedicated to protecting them.They show â€Å"ambition, which is the last refuge of the failure†, â€Å"anyone can be good in the country. There are no temptations there†- O. Wilde. Ultimately, however, the world is too harsh and predatory a place to sustain such relationships. They separate tragically. A friendship vanishes and the world fails to acknowledge or appreciate it. This is a story about how humans give meaning to their lives and to their futures by creating dreams. Without objectives and goals, life is a continual flow of days that have little meaning and aren’t worth living.

A Comprehensive Financial Analysis Essay - 1749 Words

A Comprehensive Financial Analysis Of TOYS R US TABLE OF CONTENTS Company Overview ....................................................... 4 Key Facts........................................................................ 4 Business Description.................................................... 5 History ............................................................................ 6 Key Employees .............................................................. 7 Major Products And Services..................................... 12 Products And Services Analysis................................ 13 SWOT Analysis ............................................................ 14 Top Competitors†¦show more content†¦Internationally, the company operates toy stores under the name Toys R Us. It also sells merchandise through its Internet sites and through mail order catalogues. Its products include: Action Figuresnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Activities amp; Learning Arts amp; Crafts Baby Toysnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bikesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Scooters Ride-ons Skateboards Skates Blocks Building Sets Models Dolls Furniture Games amp; Puzzles Pretend Play amp; Dress-Up Sports amp; Outdoor Play Stuffed Animals amp; Toys Vehicles amp; Die-Cast Video Game Toys quot;Rquot; Us International operates or franchises toy stores in more than 25 countries outside the US. These stores generally conform to traditional prototypical designs similar to those used by Toys quot;Rquot; Us, USA. It also employs computerized inventory systems similar to those utilized by Toys quot;Rquot; Us, USA. SENIOR MANAGEMENT TEAM nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John H. Eyler, Jr Chairman and Chief Executive Officer John Eyler joined Toysquot;Rquot;Us, Inc. as President and Chief Executive Officer in January 2000. He was named Chairman in June 2001. Prior to joining Toysquot;Rquot;Us, Inc., Mr. Eyler was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of FAO Schwarz in New York. Mr. Eyler is Chairman of the Board of Directors of Toysquot;Rquot;Us, Inc. RayShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Comprehensive Annual Financial Report2237 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Table of Content I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Introductory analysis amp; GFOA Award IV. Financial Analysis V. Financial standing VI. Conclusion VII. References Abstract Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) is a report used by cities, and local governments to provide the public with their financial records each year, while adhering to government accounting standards board (GASB) guidelines. The report presentsRead MoreA Comprehensive Financial Statement Analysis On Google Inc.1844 Words   |  8 Pages A Comprehensive Financial Statement Analysis on Google Inc. 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Carter III, MSA Comprehensive Annual Financial Report The Office of Financial Management provides vital information, fiscal services and policy support that the Governor, Legislature and state agencies need to serve the people of Washington State (Investopedia, 2010). Included in this briefing, a comparison of the governmental and for-profit financial accounting will be discussed, an understandingRead MoreComprehensive Annual Financial Report Briefing Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesComprehensive Annual Financial Report Briefing Not- For- Profit Government Accounting Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Briefing The Village of Tinley Park, is located in Cook County, Illinois, was entered in 1892 under the provisions of the constitution and general statutes of Illinois. The Village operates under government of the trustee-village and provides many services including planning, public safety, zoning, roads, and general administrative services (Tinley Park, 2009)